Gold

“Gold! Gold! Gold!” screamed the newspaper headlines. “Gold discovered in California!” That was in 1848. The news brought 100,000 people rushing to California. They came seeking the yellow metal that could make them rich. People since ancient times have used gold for jewelry and money. They used it in religious objects and works of art. Wars have been fought over gold.And sometimes, as in California, gold changed the course of history.

WHY IS GOLD VALUABLE?
Gold is unusual among metals. It does not rust or tarnish (grow dull and discolored). Gold coins recovered from sunken treasures are still as shiny as when they sank. Gold is soft enough to be easily shaped into jewelry and other items. An ounce (31 grams) of gold can be hammered into a sheet 16 feet (5 meters) on each side. It can be stretched into a wire 62 miles (100 kilometers) long. People find gold beautiful. And it is rare. All the gold in the world would fit in a cube 65 feet (20 meters) on each side. Because it is so rare, its value doesn’t change much from one year to the next. In ancient times, people could easily carry a lot of wealth in the form of a small bag of gold.

MINING GOLD
The easiest way to mine gold is with a pan. You fill the pan with sand or gravel that contains tiny bits of gold. Then you swirl the pan under a gentle stream of water. The lighter gravel or sand gradually washes out with the water. The heavier gold particles collect at the bottom of the pan. Gold is so heavy that it doesn’t take many tiny flakes to make an ounce. Today, gold is most often mined by digging underground with machines. Rock that contains gold is treated with chemicals to separate out the gold. Nuggets of solid gold are quite rare. The largest nugget ever found weighed about 130 pounds (59 kilograms). It was found in Australia in 1869. About two-thirds of all gold mined today comes from South Africa.

HOW IS GOLD USED?
Gold is used for many things besides coins, decorations, and jewelry. Gold conducts electricity very well. It is used in tiny electrical circuits. There are very small amounts of gold in your computer. Gold is also used to protect tall buildings and spaceships from the Sun’s heat. The Sun's rays bounce off even a thin coating of gold.Gold-coated mirrors are used in telescopes. Dentists use gold for tooth fillings. Gold is even used in medicine, to treat cancer and
arthritis.

GREEDY FOR GOLD
Gold has always made people who controlled it wealthy. Folktales of many peoples tell of greed for gold. The ancient tale of King Midas tells of a greedy king. Midas wished that everything he touched would turn to gold. But he was sorry when his wish was granted. He could not eat because his food and water also turned to gold. In the 1500s, the Spanish conquered Mexico and Peru while searching for gold. They brought back tons of gold looted from native peoples. The peoples of those regions had never considered gold very valuable. The discovery of gold in parts of western America and Australia brought in thousands of people seeking quick fortunes. Many stayed on and settled those regions.

Bank

What would happen if there were no banks? Where would you get money? Would there even be any money? The United States and Canada each have one bank that decides how much money to issue.

WHERE DOES MONEY COME FROM?
The bank in charge of the money supply is called a central bank. Before there was a central bank, lots of banks printed money. But you couldn’t always use your money if you traveled. Stores and banks in other parts of the country might not accept it. And if your bank went out of business, you were out of luck. You lost your savings.
Today, most countries have a central bank that supervises money. In the United States, this bank is the Federal Reserve. In Canada, it’s the Bank of Canada. Because of the Federal Reserve, all Americans use the same dollar bills, quarters, and other money.

WHY DO WE PUT MONEY IN BANKS?
People put money in banks for safety and for convenience. You might keep small amounts of money in a piggy bank. But what would you do with a lot of money? You could hide it. But what if
someone found your hiding place and took your money? What if you forgot where you put it? You’d have other problems, too, especially if you were a grown-up and had to pay bills. You’d have to go to the telephone company and electric company to pay your bills each month. Banks make it easy. You pay your bills from your bank account.

HOW DO BANK ACCOUNTS WORK?
When you put money in a bank, you have a bank account. The bank gives you checks, and then you can pay bills with a check. A check is a piece of paper that is a promise to pay. You sign your name on it. When you pay your telephone bill with a check, the telephone company sends the check to its own bank. The money that you owe the telephone company then goes from your bank account to the telephone company’s bank account. The two accounts can be in different banks in different states.
Banks also issue plastic debit cards. People with accounts at the bank can use these cards to pay for things and get cash from an ATM (automatic teller machine). When your mom or dad shops, they can give the store their debit card. The store’s bank uses information on the bank card to collect the money from your mom’s or dad’s bank account.
A bank account used for writing checks is called a checking account. You can also have a savings account. People usually put money in a savings account when they don’t plan to use the money right way. The bank pays you a small amount for keeping money in a savings account. This money is called interest. Most checking accounts pay no interest.
If a bank is paying 5 percent interest, then you will get 5 cents every year for every dollar in your savings account. That doesn’t seem like a lot of money, but over time it adds up.

WHAT DO BANKS DO WITH MONEY?
Banks lend money to people who need it. Let’s say a woman wants to buy a car. However, she doesn’t have enough money right now to pay for the car. She might go to a bank and ask for a loan. The loan lets her buy the car now and slowly pay the money back to the bank. Before lending her the money, the bank will make sure the woman is able to pay back the loan. It will ask her where she works and how much money she makes. It will charge a small fee, or interest,
on the money it lends.
Today, bank accounts are insured. They weren’t always. Sometimes there were “runs” on banks when a large number of people demanded their money. This action panicked others, who also took their money out of the bank. A run on the bank began, and the bank went broke. People who didn’t get to the bank in time lost their money.
Governments in many countries decided to do something to stop runs on banks. They insured bank accounts so that people would not have to worry about losing their money. If a bank in the United States goes out of business, the insurance repays people the amount in their accounts up to a limit of $100,000 per person.